GUIDANCE
AND COUNSELING
CONCEPT OF
GUIDANCE:
Concept
is a wide term and includes.
1.
Studying and
analyzing the definitions and meaning of the term.
2.
Various notions
about its nature and characteristics.
3.
How it relates to
synonymous terms.
DEFINITIONS:
- Guidance is a
process of dynamic interpersonal relationships, designed to influence the
attitudes and subsequent behavior of a person – Good.
- Guidance is a
process through which an individual is able to solve his problems and
pursue a path suitable to his abilities and aspirations - J.M Brewer.
- Guidance is a
process of helping every individual through his own efforts, to discover
and develop his potentialities for his personal happiness and social usefulness
– Ruthstrang.
- Guidance is a
continuous process of helping the individual development to the maximum of
his capacity in the direction most beneficial to himself and society – Stoops.
PRINCIPLES OF
GUIDANCE:
Gilbert
Wren and will is Dugan have given the following as some of the specific
principles of Guidance.
1.
Guidance is
concerned with the “whole” student not with his intellectual life alone.
2.
Guidance is
concerned with all students, not only with “special” or “problem” students.
3.
Guidance is
concerned primarily with prevention rather than cure.
4.
Guidance is more
than just the activity of a specialist; it involves the whole school staff.
5.
Guidance is the
concerned with the choices and decisions to be made by the student.
6.
Guidance is
concerned with developing student’s self understanding and self determination.
7.
Guidance is a
giving information -not “Compulsion”.
8.
Guidance is a
continuous progress throughout the school life of each student.
NEED FOR
GUIDANCE:
Guidance
and counseling service are becoming more and more important as the society and
its various institutions are growing in complexity. The society and all its institutions are
built of bricks. Strength and solidarity
of the society and its institution are, therefore, contingent upon the strength
of these individual units, strength and solidarity of these individual units
constitutes the foundation of a strong nation.
The
following are the major considerations for the needs of guidance service.
1.
The total
development of a student.
2.
Proper choice of
courses.
3.
Proper choice of
careers and profession.
4.
Vocational
development.
5.
Development of
readiness for choices and change to face new challenges.
6.
Minimizing the
mismatching between Education and employment and help in the efficient use of
manpower.
7.
Motivating the
youth for self employment.
8.
Helping fresher to
establish proper identity.
9.
Identifying and
motivating the students from weaker section of society.
10. Helping the students in their period of turmoil and
confusion.
11. Checking wastage and stagnation in Education.
12. Identifying and helping students in need of special
help.
13. Ensuring proper utilization of time spent outside
the classrooms.
14. Tackling problems of student explosion.
15. Check migration.
16. Fulfilling the deficiencies of home.
17. Checking incidence of indiscipline.
18. Need in developing economy.
19. Quantitative and qualitative improvement of
Education.
20. National development, and.
21. Fulfillment of the Extra-instructional needs of
pupils.
NATURE OF
GUIDANCE:
i.
Assistance: Guidance is personal assistance. Its purpose is to render personal help on
assistance to individual, who might be of any age.
ii.
Expert
service: Every one cannot provide
guidance. It is the work of competent
and expert persons.
iii.
A Process: It helps every individual to help himself, to
recognize and use his inner resources to set goals, to make plans, to work out his,
own problems of development.
iv.
Continuous
process: It is needed right from early childhood, adolescence, adulthood and
even in old age.
v.
Focus on
individual: Guidance focuses our
attention on the individual and not the problem.
vi.
Discovery of
abilities: Guidance leads to the discovery of abilities and potentialities of
an individual.
vii. Self direction: Guidance leads to self development
and self direction. It aims at
developing in the individual, the capacity for self direction.
SCOPE OF
GUIDANCE:
It
is extremely comprehensive: As the life
is getting complex day by day, the problems for which expert helps is required
are increasing proportionate. The scope
of guidance per necessity is extending horizontally to much of the social
context; to matters of prestige in occupation, to the broad field of social
trends and economic development.
Proctor’s
views:
Proctor
includes six types of guidance in the scope of guidance.
i.
Educational
guidance
ii.
Vocational
guidance
iii.
Guidance in social
and civil activities.
iv.
Guidance in health
and physical activities.
v.
Guidance in the
worthy use of leisure time.
vi.
Guidance in
character building activities.
While Brewer adds the following guidance services
in this list:
vii.
Religious
guidance.
viii.
Guidance for home
relationship.
ix.
Guidance for citizenship.
x.
Guidance in right
doing.
xi.
Guidance in
thoughtfulness and co-operation.
Kothari
Commission’s View:
Guidance
services have a much wider scope and function than merely that of assisting
students in making educational and vocational choices. The aims of Guidance are both adjectives and
development; it helps the student in making the best possible adjustment to the
situations in the educational institutions and in the home. Guidance, therefore, should be regarded as an
integral part of Education.
Crow
and Crow’s view:
“Guidance
touches every aspect of an individual personality-physical, mental, emotional
and social. It is concerned with an
individual’s attitudes and behavior patterns.
It seeks to help the individual to integrate all of these activities in
terms of basic potentialities and environmental potentialities”.
In
short educational, vocational, a vocational, Social, Personal, Moral and even
marital problems of individual are the concerns of guidance. The scope is need very vast.
OBJECTIVES OF
GUIDANCE:
To
study the objectives of guidance we will study the objectives 4 types of
guidance.
1.
Educational 2. Vocational
3. Personal 4.
Leisure time.
Objectives
of Educational Guidance:
1.
To help the child
select curriculum that best fits, his abilities, interests and future
needs.
2.
To develop among
the students, work and study habits that enable him to achieve satisfactory
success in his studies.
3.
To help the child
gain some experience in learning areas outside the particular field of his
special interests and talents.
4.
To help him adjust
to the curriculum and the life of the school.
5.
To help him
understand the purpose and functions of the school in relation to his needs.
Objectives
of Vocational Guidance:
1.
To help a pupil to
acquire knowledge of the functions duties, responsibilities, and rewards of
occupation, that lies with in the range of his choice.
2.
To assist a pupil
to discover his own abilities and skills and to fit them into the general
requirements of the occupation under consideration.
3.
To assist the
child to think critically about various types of occupation and to learn a
technique for analyzing information about vocations.
4.
To give him
assistance to secure the necessary information about the facilities offered by
various educational institutions engaged in vocational training.
5.
To provide him
assistance during school years so that the individual will be able to adjust to
the job / work conditions and to other workers.
Objectives
of Personal Guidance:
1.
To help the pupil
to benefit by the practice of emotion control.
2.
To assist the
pupil to become accustomed to being teased.
3.
To help the pupil
to realize that it is natural to experience periods of turmoil.
4.
To help the
learner to enter into mental activity with renewed interest and vigor as he
gains maturity.
5.
To encourage the
pupils to continence the health, safety, and physical education programmes that
was started earlier.
6.
To assist the
pupil to move gradually from dependence on others to independence of judgment
and action.
7.
To help the pupil
to become a good school citizen in his civil and social relationships.
8.
To encourage the
pupil to take advantage of the friendships that is offered to him.
9.
To encourage the
pupil to work to the limit of his capacity with full knowledge that he may not
be a capable as other pupils.
Objectives
of Guidance for Leisure:
1.
To assist the
pupils in making leisure time valuable and purposeful.
2.
To help the
individual to revitalize his physical, emotional, and spiritual strength
(energy).
3.
To enable him to
make sensible choices of using free time.
4.
To engage the
students in some useful activity for relaxation, diversion or broadening of
knowledge.
5.
To help the
individual satisfy his psychological needs.
6.
To inculcate the
values of self discipline in the individual.
7.
To inculcate
leadership qualities like integrity courage, initiative planning etc in the
individual.
8.
To develop the
habit of healthy competition among the students by making they involved in
co-curricular activities in their free time.
TYPES OF
GUIDANCE:
1. Educational
Guidance:
1.
Provide
opportunities to discover own interests, abilities and capacities.
2.
Point towards
realization of vocational or educational plans.
3.
Furnish
information towards further schooling and stimulate towards considering this
carefully.
2. Vocational
Guidance:
1.
Provide knowledge
of occupational rewards, conditions of employment opportunities of advancement,
requirements for entrance to and success in occupation.
2.
Provide
opportunities to discover and reveal general and special capacities.
3.
Furnish a point of
view a method of study of occupations.
3. Leisure on
Avocational Guidance:
Provide
opportunities curricular (or) extra curricular to develop tastes and interests
which provide avenues of fields for enjoyment and recreation.
4. Moral or social
Guidance:
1.
Furnish counsel,
example and learning situation to develop right ideal and habits of conduct and
living.
2.
Furnish
opportunities for training which results in information attitude, habits, and
abilities which will help them to work and play effectively with other people
wherever the situation may be.
3.
Furnish training
in correct social conventions.
5. Health
Guidance:
1.
Call attention to
infirmities defects or tendencies which can be corrected.
2.
Develop interests
in health and also strong and healthy bodies.
3.
Develop interest,
habit and skills in games and other activities which will operate to promote
health.
4.
Sex education and
family life education.
6. Personal
Guidance:
1.
Provide at the
right time, hints (or) suggestion to improve personal appearance.
2.
Provide advice and
counsel on personal problem.
3.
Provide at the
right time the inspiration and encouragement which come from personal interest
of an older individual who “understands” and is “interested”.
7. Religious guidance.
8. Home relationship guidance.
9. Guidance for citizenship.
10. Guidance for leisure and recreation.
11. Guidance for personal well being.
12. Guidance in Right doing.
13. Guidance in thought fullness and co-operation.
14. Guidance in wholesome and cultural action.
GUIDANCE
TECHNIQUES IN LEARNING ADJUSTMENT
Introduction
The psychological assistants given to individual
facing adjustment problems, by a
competent person. The purpose is to help
the individual to solve his problems by himself. The guidance experts assist
him by non directive suggestions to explore the problem and find out the
realities and devise solutions appropriate to over come the difficulties when
the person develops the proper self concept and is able to face the realities
of the environment his adjustment difficulties disappear.
What is guidance?
Real guidance means is the dynamic and continues
preparations of individuals for growth and maturity. Guidance is the help given
to an individual to enable him to make whatever adjustments or readjustments
are necessary in order that he may achieve individually and socially desirable
satisfaction in all his activities.
Definition of guidance
According to Ruth Strang, “Guidance is process of
helping every individual, through his own efforts, to discover and develop his
potentialities for his personal happiness and usefulness” Gilbert wren and
Willis Dugan (1950) have given
the following principles.
- Guidance is
concerned with the “whole” student, not with his intellectual life alone:
- Guidance is
concerned primarily with prevention
rather than cure.
- Guidance is
counsel – not “compulsion”.
Purpose of guidance
Guidance as interpreted by workers in the field is
applicable to all aspects of human life, i.e physical and mental in all stages
of development right from infancy to old age. The main objective of guidance is
to help the individual to utilize their basic potentialities to the maximum for
adequate adjustment in the environment. The increase in population,
industrialization and westernization have created a number of problem for out
adolescents who are facing frustration, conflicts and tension and strain and
stress in the present decade. It is imperative to provide guidance to the young
generations to save them stress of developing society.
From
that above process, we have to given the proper solution or guidance to the
students in the learning process, some of the major educational functions of
guidance at the elementary and secondary schools are given below:
01.
Helping students to orient to the school situations and aiding them to make a
good beginning
From
the scheduled life of the home the child enters, the case area of the school
and its environment and the adjustments required is tremendous. The educational
guidance programme emphasizes the purpose of complete education, preventing
dropouts asd utilizing the available human resources.
02.
Helping students learn effectively
A
well thought out guidance programme will cater to the individual difference in
children, detect the learning difficulties mainly in terms of reading, writing
and comprehension, and provide remedial programme through diagnostic devices,
The level of achievement is tempered by these specific difficulties unless they
are identified first and continuous effort is made to rectify them.
03.
Helping pupils to develop desirable attitude
Desirable
attitudes are the cornerstone for developing well-balanced personality. The
child’s interest in the school and his motivation for continuous work depends
largely on the attitude he has developed. Healthy and positive attitudes
towards self. teachers, classmates, the school and the community are essential
for a happy and well-integrated life.
04. Helping pupils to plan their immediate
future
Children
are very often unaware of the need for planning. Even their early years, the
pupils can be introduced into a system of wise planning beginning with their
daily activities.
05. Helping parents to co-operate with the
school
Parents
must have knowledge of their children’s activities in the school and keep close
contact with teachers in following the development of their children.
Parent-teacher meeting, parent visit to the school to observe the school
programme and parent-teacher-child conferences are necessary, if there is to be
an all-round development of the child in the home and in the school
06. Helping
students to have orientation to jobs
During
the secondary school level, students can be given opportunities to find out
their aptitude and interest in occupations jobs, by involving them in work experience,
socially useful and productive work and community and social service
activities. In this way, a beginning can be made in the selection and
orientation to jobs or careers.
TECHNIQUES IN GUIDANCE SERVICES
In
India
1.
Individual guidance techniques.
2.
Group guidance techniques.
3.
Service guidance techniques.
INDIVIDUAL GUIDANCE TECHNIQUES
Those designed to work with pupils individually is
called as individual technique. In this
individual guidance, techniques is most important to the students.
INDIVIDUAL GUIDANCE
TECHNIQUES
n Counseling is the most important individual
technique.
n According to Ruth Strang, Counseling is a face to
face relationship in which growth takes place in the counselor as well as the
counselee.
GROUP GUIDANCE TECHNIQUES
Those appropriate to work pupils in the group is
called group guidance techniques.
KINDS
OF GROUP GUIDANCE
1. Regular subjects classes.
2. Core Curriculum classes.
3. Special groups organized for the consideration of
special topics.
4. School Assemblies.
5. Conferences such as Career conferences.
TECHNIQUES
OF GROUP GUIDANCE
01. Informal
discussion
Informal discussion is done under the able and skillful
leaders can prove very helpful. This informal discussion should be very free.
However, should be guided. So that, they are centered around desirable
objectives and that they may result in conclusions that will be helpful to the
group as a whole.
02. Committee
reports
Students can be divided in to different committees and
these committees have separate problems to tackle. When the reports of the
committees are presented in groups, they can help all the members of the group
in gaining awareness of a number of problems.
03 Lectures
Lectures delivered by resource persons or experts on
certain problems too can prove quite useful.
04. Dramatics
Dramatics is quite a good technique of group guidance.
They can enlighten the members of the group about the talents and capabilities
of the members of he group. If certain interesting topics are dramatized,
students can be given guidance in an interesting manner.
05. Question
box
According of Jones, question box if carefully organized
but not too frequently it is also a desirable technique, for it gives the shy
and retiring pupil an opportunity to propose a question that is bothering him
without revealing that it is his questions.
06. Case
conference method
This technique is also very good technique of guidance.
The proble faced by the majority of the group is stated concretely by wary of a
case. Each pupil reviews his own experience in a similar situation. Then group
is guided away from the more immediate and temporary advantages to be gained
and toward more remote and permanent values.
Then the effect of the proposed line of action is
considered upon others. Possible expectations are discussed. Some other
conditions that should be considered in deciding a plan of action are also gone
through. Through some generalization are formulated which may prove helpful
into other situation. Jones opines that the entire process of the case
conference emethod is an experienced in social thinking and it has positive and
unique values in the guidance programmed.
This informal
discussion should be very free.
2.Committee reports: Students can be divided in to
different committees and this committees have separate problems to
tackle.
3.Lectures: Lecturers
delivered by resource persons or experts on certain problems too can prove
quite useful.
4.Dramatics:
Dramatics is a good technique of group
guidance. They can enlighten the members
of the group about the talents and capabilities of the members of the group.
5.Question box: According
to Jones, question box if carefully
organized but not too frequently.
6.Case conference method:
The problem faced by the majority of the group is stated concretely by way of a
case. Each people experience in a
similar situation. Then group is guided away from the more immediate and temporary
advantages to be gained and toward more remote and permanent values.
SERVICE
GUIDANCE TECHNIQUES
Those which the counselor
can use other adults and with community groups in mobilizing and making
available school and community resources and services is called service
guidance techniques.
CONCLUSION
The guidance activities
may be classified, with reference to the area covered, as education guidance,
vocational guidance personal guidance, leisure or avocational guidance, more or
social guidance and health guidance. It
should be constructed that each type is carried on separately but that all or
several may be happening at the same time